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ETF Investing Guides

Ten opinionated guides on ETF mechanics, fees, portfolio building, small-cap investing, impact investing, and how to pick what you actually own — written for people who want to understand what they're buying.

Full cards with topic previews
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Beginner ⏱ 15 min read

ETF Basics: Your Complete Guide

What's actually inside an ETF, how it tracks an index, and why buying VTI gets you a slice of 3,600 companies at once. Start here if you're new — or if you've been investing without really understanding the mechanics.

  • What ETFs are and how they work
  • ETFs vs. mutual funds vs. individual stocks
  • Key advantages and risks
  • Types of ETFs and how to read them
  • How to make your first ETF investment
Learn ETF basics
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Intermediate ⏱ 18 min read

Build a 3-Fund Portfolio

One US total market fund, one international fund, one bond fund. That's it. This strategy has quietly outperformed most actively managed portfolios over the long run — and it takes about 20 minutes to set up.

  • The philosophy behind the 3-fund strategy
  • The three funds and which ETFs to use
  • Asset allocation by age and risk tolerance
  • How to rebalance and optimize for taxes
  • Variations: 2-fund, 4-fund, and more
Build a 3-fund portfolio
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Advanced ⏱ 20 min read

Understanding Expense Ratios

SPY and VOO track the same index. SPY charges 0.0945%; VOO charges 0.03%. On $100,000 over 30 years, that gap is roughly $25,000. This guide shows you exactly how to spot and eliminate fee drag in any portfolio.

  • What expense ratios are and how they're charged
  • The compound cost of fees over 30 years
  • Total cost of ownership beyond expense ratios
  • SPY vs. VOO: a real-world case study
  • How to audit and minimize your portfolio fees
See how fees compound
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Beginner ⏱ 14 min read

Bond ETFs: The Complete Beginner's Guide

Bonds aren't boring — they're the part of your portfolio that doesn't crater when the stock market does. This guide covers government vs. corporate, short vs. long duration, and which funds (BND, AGG, SGOV) actually fit different situations.

  • What bonds are and why they matter in a portfolio
  • Types of bond ETFs: government, corporate, short vs. long
  • Top picks: BND, AGG, SGOV, VGSH, BIL
  • How to use bond ETFs to manage risk by age
  • Taxable vs. tax-advantaged account strategy
Understand bond ETFs
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Intermediate ⏱ 13 min read

Dividend ETFs: Build Income or Wealth?

SCHD and JEPI both pay dividends — but they're built on completely different logic. One targets dividend growth; the other uses options to generate income. Knowing which you own (and why) matters more than the yield percentage.

  • How dividend ETFs actually work and pay out
  • High-yield vs. dividend growth: which is right for you
  • Top picks: SCHD, VYM, DGRO, VIG, JEPI
  • The DRIPping strategy to accelerate compounding
  • 5 mistakes new dividend investors make
Explore dividend ETFs
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Beginner ⏱ 10 min read

ETF vs Index Fund vs Mutual Fund: What's Actually Different

VTI and VTSAX track the same index and charge the same 0.03% fee. People treat this as a major decision when it's mostly a rounding error, except in taxable accounts and 401(k) plans, where the structure matters in specific, measurable ways.

  • Why "ETF" and "index fund" aren't opposites
  • VTI vs. VTSAX: same index, different wrapper
  • Where ETFs have a real tax efficiency edge
  • When mutual fund index funds win (401k plans)
  • Which one to actually use and when
See the real differences
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Beginner ⏱ 12 min read

How to Choose an ETF: 5 Numbers That Actually Matter

There are 3,000+ ETFs. Most are noise. Five numbers — expense ratio, AUM, index tracked, tracking difference, and bid-ask spread — tell you almost everything you need to know about whether a fund is worth owning.

  • Expense ratio: the only guaranteed cost
  • AUM: why fund size signals liquidity and closure risk
  • Why "S&P 500 ETF" labels don't all mean the same thing
  • Tracking difference vs. tracking error
  • What to ignore: star ratings, provider name, launch date
Learn how to evaluate ETFs
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Intermediate ⏱ 13 min read

Sector ETFs: Targeted Investing Explained

XLK is already 30%+ of a standard S&P 500 fund. Adding a tech sector ETF on top means you're more concentrated than you think. This guide covers when sector bets make sense — and when they quietly cannibalize your diversification.

  • What sector ETFs are and how they're structured
  • All 11 GICS sectors: cyclical, defensive, growth, income
  • Top picks: XLK, XLV, XLE, XLF, XLP, XLU
  • How to add sector exposure without over-concentrating
  • When sector ETFs make sense — and when they don't
Learn sector investing
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Intermediate ⏱ 10 min read

Small-Cap ETFs: VB, SCHA, IJR, and AVUV Compared

VB and SCHA cover the full small-cap market for 0.04-0.05%. AVUV targets small-cap value and has outperformed both since 2019. If you own VTI, you already have 7% small-cap exposure. This guide covers what the size premium actually is, which fund fits which strategy, and when skipping the tilt is the smarter call.

  • What small-cap ETFs hold and how they differ from total market funds
  • VB vs. SCHA vs. IJR vs. AVUV: cost, holdings, and strategy
  • The size premium: 11.8% vs. 10.1% annually since 1926
  • Small-cap blend vs. small-cap value: when the extra cost pays off
  • The honest case for skipping small-caps entirely
Compare small-cap ETFs
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Intermediate ⏱ 14 min read

Impact Investing ETFs: What You Actually Own

ESG, SRI, thematic — three different philosophies that all get called "impact investing." ESGV holds over 1,500 stocks at 0.09%. ICLN holds 100 clean energy companies at 0.40%. The label doesn't tell you what's inside. This guide does.

  • ESG integration vs. exclusion vs. thematic: what's different
  • Why ExxonMobil shows up in ESG indexes
  • Five funds: ESGV, ESGU, DSI, VOTE, ICLN compared
  • The performance question (honest, period-dependent)
  • Does buying an ETF actually change anything?
Understand impact investing
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